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Do you really want to sustain all memories long-term, even of events that are best forgotten? There are a lot of unanswered questions. Nevertheless, a new research found the result that eventually could lead to ways to improve memory.

Long-term memory (LTM) is memory in which associations among items are stored, as part of the theory of a dual-store memory model. According to the theory, long-term memory differs structurally and functionally from working memory or short-term memory, which ostensibly stores items for only around 20-30 seconds and can be recalled easily. This differs from the theory of the single-store retrieved context model that has no differentiation between short-term and long-term memory.

Linda Hsieh-Wilson, Ph.D., explained that the sugar is not table sugar (sucrose), but one of many other substances produced in the body's cells that qualify as sugars from a chemical standpoint. Named O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine - or "O-GlcNAc" - it helps in orchestrating health and disease at their origins, inside the billions of cells that make up the body. O-GlcNAc does so by attaching to proteins that allow substances to pass in and out of the nucleus of cells, for instance, and helping decide whether certain genes are turned on or off. In doing so, O-GlcNAc sends signals that may be at the basis of cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and other disorders. Research suggests, for instance, that proteins loaded up with too much O-GlcNAc can't function normally.

At the ACS meeting, Hsieh-Wilson described how research in her lab at the California Institute of Technology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute implicate O-GlcNAc in memory loss and cancer. The research emerged from Hsieh-Wilson's use of advanced lab tools for probing a body process that involves attachment of sugars like O-GlcNAc to proteins. Called protein glycosylation, it helps nerves and other cells communicate with each other in ways that keep the body coordinated and healthy. When O-GlcNAc is attached to a protein, that binding process is known as O-GlcNAc glycosylation.

Hsieh-Wilson's team screened the entire mammalian brain for all O-GlcNAc-glycosylated proteins, using a new process that her laboratory developed. They identified more than 200 proteins bearing O-GlcNAc attachments or tags, many for the first time. The research was done in mice, stand-ins for humans in research that cannot be done on people. Some of the proteins carrying O-GlcNAc were involved in regulating processes like drug addiction and securing long-term storage of memories.

O-GlcNAc's effects on one particular protein, CREB, got the scientists' attention. CREB is a key substance that turns on and regulates the activity of genes. Many of the genes in cells are inactive at any given moment. Substances like CREB, termed transcription factors, turn genes on. Hsieh-Wilson found that when O-GlcNAc attached to CREB, CREB's ability to turn on genes was impaired. When the researchers blocked O-GlcNAc from binding CREB, the mice developed long-term memories faster than normal mice. 

Could blocking O-GlcNAc boost long-term memory in humans?

"We're far from understanding what happens in humans," Hsieh-Wilson emphasized. "Completely blocking O-GlcNAc might not be desirable. How would blocking the sugar from binding to other proteins affect other body processes? There are a lot of unanswered questions. Nevertheless, this research could eventually lead to ways to improve memory."

In a related study, Hsieh-Wilson found that O-GlcNAc interacted with another protein in ways that encourage the growth of cancer cells, suggesting that blocking its attachment might protect against cancer or slow the growth of cancer. And indeed, in mouse experiments, blocking O-GlcNAc resulted in much smaller tumors.

Progress toward finding such a blocker for the sugar - with the appropriately malicious-sounding name "oh-glick-nack" - was the topic of a recent report at the 243rd National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS), the world's largest scientific society.

In a related study, Hsieh-Wilson found that O-GlcNAc interacted with another protein in ways that encourage the growth of cancer cells, suggesting that blocking its attachment might protect against cancer or slow the growth of cancer. And indeed, in mouse experiments, blocking O-GlcNAc resulted in much smaller tumors.

Again, a treatment for humans based on this discovery is far in the future, but the study singles out O-GlcNAc as a potential new target for developing anti-cancer drugs.

What is the process of storing memories?  

"Many experts think there are three ways we store memories: first in the sensory stage; then in short-term memory; and ultimately, for some memories, in long-term memory. Because there is no need for us to maintain everything in our brain, the different stages of human memory function as a sort of filter that helps to protect us from the flood of information that we're confronted with on a daily basis," Richard C. Mohs, Ph.D., told Howstuffworks.com.

"The creation of a memory begins with its perception: The registration of information during perception occurs in the brief sensory stage that usually lasts only a fraction of a second. It's your sensory memory that allows a perception such as a visual pattern, a sound, or a touch to linger for a brief moment after the stimulation is over," he added.