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Researchers from Baylor University found the clues to reverse cognitive deficits in humans with neurological disorders. 

The ability to navigate using spatial cues was impaired in mice whose brains were minus a channel that delivers potassium. The result has implications for humans with damage to the brain structure critical to memory and learning.

"Mice missing the channel also showed diminished learning ability in an experiment dealing with fear conditioning," said lead author Joaquin Lugo, Ph.D., an assistant professor of psychology and neuroscience in Baylor's College of Arts & Sciences.

The channel, called Kv4.2, delivers potassium, which aids neuron function in the brain's hippocampus. The hippocampus forms memory for long-term storage in the brain. Potassium also helps to regulate excitability. 

Individuals who have epilepsy sometimes exhibit altered or missing Kv.4.2 channels or similar types of channels. 

In the experiment investigating navigation, "knockout" mice - those without the channel - were tested in a water maze four feet in diameter and 12 inches deep, with eight trials daily - each lasting about a minute - over four days, Lugo said. Their performance was compared with that of normal mice.

Both groups responded to visual cues - colored symbols - in learning their way around the maze, but the knockout mice did not respond as well as the normal mice in terms of spatial cues - hidden platforms in the water. When the mice don't have this channel, it hurts their ability to learn, according to researchers.

In a separate experiment examining fear conditioning, both knockout mice and normal mice were placed in a cage, and researchers sounded a tone before giving the mice a mild electric shock. In repeated trials, both groups began to freeze upon hearing the tone as they anticipated a shock. But the normal mice also reacted to the context - being placed in the cage - while the mice who did not have the Kv4.2 channel reacted only to the tone.

"By targeting chemical pathways that alter those potassium channels, we may eventually be able to apply the findings to humans and reverse some of the cognitive deficits in people with epilepsy and other neurological disorders," Lugo said.