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Psychologist Erik Erikson proposed a theory of psychosocial development, outlining eight stages that people navigate from infancy to late adulthood. These stages encompass the interplay between social and psychological factors, shaping a person's identities and relationships throughout their lives.

Trust vs. mistrust

During infancy, the primary task is to develop trust in the world and caregivers. When caregivers are responsive and dependable, infants learn to trust their environment. However, if needs are inconsistently met, they may develop mistrust, impacting future relationships.

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Toddlers are actively exploring their abilities and boundaries. Encouragement of autonomy fosters self-confidence and a sense of control over one's actions. Conversely, excessive criticism or restriction may lead to feelings of shame and doubt, hindering autonomy development.

Initiative vs. guilt

Preschoolers engage in purposeful play and decision-making, exploring their surroundings and their desires. Successfully navigating this stage cultivates a sense of initiative and creativity. However, overly harsh criticism or stifling of exploration can induce guilt, inhibiting initiative.

Industry vs. inferiority

During elementary school years, children develop a sense of competence through academic and social endeavors. Mastering tasks and receiving recognition from peers and adults creates a sense of industry. Conversely, feelings of incompetence or unmet expectations may lead to an inferiority complex.

Identity vs. confusion

Adolescence is marked by the quest for self-identity and autonomy. Exploring personal values, beliefs, and roles within society is crucial for forming a coherent identity. However, unresolved identity conflicts can result in confusion and uncertainty about one's place in the world.

Intimacy vs. isolation

During young adulthood, developing trust and emotional closeness with others contributes to fulfilling connections. Yet, fear of rejection or intimacy may lead to social isolation and loneliness.

Generativity vs. stagnation

Through meaningful work, parenting, or mentorship, a person experiences a sense of generativity and fulfillment. Conversely, a lack of purpose or investment in the future can result in stagnation.

Integrity vs. despair

In late adulthood, a person reflects on their life and accomplishments. Acceptance of life's triumphs builds integrity and wisdom. However, unresolved regrets and unmet aspirations may lead to feelings of despair and disillusionment.