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Researchers delved into the potential therapeutic role of a modified ketogenic diet (KD) in addressing symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Their study examined the impact of the KD on gut microbiota, inflammatory markers, and brain-related microribonucleic acid (miRNA) in children diagnosed with ASD.

ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and communication difficulties, alongside repetitive behaviors. It affects approximately one in 100 children globally and is particularly prevalent, impacting one in 36 children in the United States.

Immune dysfunction and increased inflammation are often associated with ASD, with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines correlating with symptom severity, according to Medical News.

Children diagnosed with ASD frequently encounter distinct T-cell activation and prevalent gastrointestinal complications, indicating a disturbed gut microbiome.

Dietary strategies such as the KD, known to elevate blood ketone levels, have demonstrated potential in ameliorating symptoms by possibly providing neuroprotective advantages via the gut-brain axis.

Nevertheless, further investigation is necessary to comprehend the interplay among gut microbiota, ketone bodies and butyrate to devise efficacious therapeutic interventions.

Published in the journal Nutrients, the study, conducted at Shriner's Hospital for Children in Honolulu, employed a modified KD tailored to the metabolic needs of children with ASD.

The diet included medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil and maintained gluten restriction, with a daily carbohydrate intake limited to 20-25 grams. Caregivers monitored ketosis through urine tests, ensuring adherence to the dietary regimen.

Blood and stool samples were collected from participants before and after the dietary intervention for analysis. Results indicated a significant increase in plasma ketone bodies, suggesting effective metabolic alterations induced by the KD.

Sequencing data from stool samples revealed changes in microbial diversity, with increases in beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillales and reductions in others.

Moreover, individuals on the KD showed reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-12p70, alongside a decrease in plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), implicated in neuroinflammation and ASD.

Analysis of miRNA levels indicated significant reductions in miR-134 and miR-132, both associated with BDNF activity, while miR-375 levels increased.

The findings suggest that the KD may offer therapeutic benefits beyond metabolic changes, potentially influencing gut microbiota, inflammation levels, and miRNA expression associated with ASD.

The study contributes to a growing body of research highlighting the potential of dietary interventions, such as the KD, in managing symptoms of ASD and improving overall health outcomes.