Search Here

Formication is the sensation of having insects crawling on or under the skin.

What is Formication?

Formication is a type of tactile hallucination, where a person feels a physical sensation without an actual cause. This sensation can often lead to severe itching, which might be more intense at night, significantly affecting one's quality of life. The term formication originates from the Latin word "formica," meaning ant. This sensation falls under paresthesia, which can also include burning, tingling, numbness, and cold.

Causes of Formication

Formication can be linked to various medical conditions and withdrawal from certain substances. Some of the medical conditions associated with formication include Parkinson's disease, shingles, fibromyalgia, anxiety, perimenopause, Lyme disease, diabetic neuropathy, skin cancer, and schizophrenia. Lower estrogen levels during perimenopause and menopause can also contribute to formication.

Formication can also occur during withdrawal from drugs, particularly opiates. Some drugs associated with formication during withdrawal include Ritalin, Wellbutrin, Lunesta, opioid pain medications (such as codeine or morphine), some antidepressants (such as SSRIs), Tramadol, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and MDMA. Typically, formication linked to drug withdrawal is temporary and resolves once the patient recovers from withdrawal. However, if the sensation persists or is very intense, it could indicate drug psychosis, where a person might believe there is an actual infestation of bugs under their skin.

Alcohol withdrawal can also cause formication, along with other symptoms like visual hallucinations. It is advisable to have a medical professional oversee alcohol withdrawal due to the potential severity of the symptoms.

Treatment

Treatment for formication depends on its underlying cause. Topical creams such as hydrocortisone can reduce itching, and moisturizers or barrier creams can keep the skin healthy and hydrated. An ice pack can provide immediate relief by soothing the affected areas.

For conditions like Parkinson's disease, shingles, or fibromyalgia, a doctor will prescribe appropriate medication and possibly a long-term treatment plan. If medication is the cause, alternatives can often be recommended. Antihistamines like Zyrtec or Benadryl may help reduce the sensations of formication, though some may cause drowsiness, so it is important to consult a pharmacist regarding side effects.

For those experiencing formication due to recreational drug use, quitting and seeking professional support for withdrawal can alleviate symptoms.

Possible Complications

Formication can lead to constant scratching, which may break the skin and allow bacteria to enter, causing potential infections. Complications from scratching include gangrene, discharge, lockjaw (tetanus), fever, blood loss, and in severe cases, sepsis. Other complications include tiredness, frustration, poor sleep quality, depression, anxiety, problems concentrating, and feeling stiff or aching.